Why zxcvbn beats character-set math
Most strength meters multiply password length by character-set size and call anything over a threshold 'strong'. This is wrong: 'P@ssw0rd123!' scores great on naive math, but it's in every cracking dictionary and falls to a real attack in seconds.
zxcvbn estimates strength by simulating actual cracker behavior: dictionary lookup, leet-substitution unrolling, keyboard-pattern detection, year-and-date detection. The score reflects how an actual attacker would approach the password, not the theoretical entropy.